You will keep the map, compass, dungeon item, and boss remains if you have them though. The boss remains would mean you finished it though. If you can get to the dungeon item, that would make your next attempt much easier. The map and compass would be two things you don't need to collect ever again so you might be able to skip some rooms.
Also remember that the next time you could go straight to the dungeon if you activated the owl statue near the entrance without "re-solving" the rest of the area before getting to the dungeon. You may want to try something like getting right to the entrance to the dungeon on a 3 day cycle then playing the song of time so you have a fresh clock for the dungeon itself.
There's also a huge trick regarding time in the game
playing the song of time backwards makes time go half as fast so you get twice as much time to do things